Bamberger Rearrangement

E. Bamberger, Ber. 27, 1347, 1548 (1894).

Intermolecular rearrangement of N-phenylhydroxylamines in aqueous acid to give the corresponding 4-aminophenols:

Early review: H. J. Shine, Aromatic Rearrangements (Elsevier, New York, 1967) pp 182-190. Kinetic and mechanistic study: G. Kohnstam et al., J. Chem. Soc. Perkin Trans. II 1984, 423. Synthetic application: D. Johnston, D. Elder, J. Labelled Compd. Radiopharm. 25, 1315 (1988). Modified conditions: A. Zoran et al., Chem. Commun. 1994, 2239; M. Tordeux, C. Wakselman, J. Fluorine Chem. 74, 251 (1995).