Ullmann Reaction

F. Ullmann, Ann. 332, 38 (1904); F. Ullmann, P. Sponagel, Ber. 38, 2211 (1905).

Copper-mediated coupling of aryl halides. Biaryl ether synthesis is similarly accomplished with aryl halides and phenols:

P. E. Fanta, Chem. Rev. 38, 139 (1946); 64, 613 (1964); A. A. Moroz, M. S. Shvartsberg, Russ. Chem. Rev. 43, 679 (1974); P. E. Fanta, Synthesis 1974, 9; M. F. Semmelhack et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 103, 6460 (1981); D. W. Knight, Comp. Org. Syn. 3, 499-507 (1991). Cf. Glaser Coupling.