*** CHEMICAL IDENTIFICATION ***
RTECS NUMBER : DW1960000
CHEMICAL NAME : 4,4'-Bipyridinium, 1,1'-dimethyl-
CAS REGISTRY NUMBER : 4685-14-7
LAST UPDATED : 199806
DATA ITEMS CITED : 45
MOLECULAR FORMULA : C12-H14-N2
MOLECULAR WEIGHT : 186.28
WISWESSER LINE NOTATION : T6KTJ A1 D- DT6KTJ A1
COMPOUND DESCRIPTOR : Agricultural Chemical
Mutagen
Human
SYNONYMS/TRADE NAMES :
* 1,1'-Dimethyl-4,4'-bipyridinium
* Dimethyl viologen
* Methyl viologen (2+)
* Paraquat
* Paraquat dication
* Paraquat ion
* Spraytop-graze
*** HEALTH HAZARD DATA ***
** ACUTE TOXICITY DATA **
TYPE OF TEST : LDLo - Lowest published lethal dose
ROUTE OF EXPOSURE : Oral
SPECIES OBSERVED : Human - man
DOSE/DURATION : 171 mg/kg
TOXIC EFFECTS :
Lungs, Thorax, or Respiration - fibrosis, focal (pneumoconiosis)
Gastrointestinal - changes in structure or function of esophagus
Gastrointestinal - ulceration or bleeding from stomach
REFERENCE :
JTCTDW Journal of Toxicology, Clinical Toxicology. (Marcel Dekker, 270
Madison Ave., New York, NY 10016) V.19- 1982- Volume(issue)/page/year:
26,35,1988
TYPE OF TEST : LDLo - Lowest published lethal dose
ROUTE OF EXPOSURE : Oral
SPECIES OBSERVED : Human - man
DOSE/DURATION : 1690 mg/kg
TOXIC EFFECTS :
Lungs, Thorax, or Respiration - respiratory depression
Gastrointestinal - ulceration or bleeding from stomach
Kidney, Ureter, Bladder - renal function tests depressed
REFERENCE :
JTCTDW Journal of Toxicology, Clinical Toxicology. (Marcel Dekker, 270
Madison Ave., New York, NY 10016) V.19- 1982- Volume(issue)/page/year:
26,35,1988
TYPE OF TEST : LDLo - Lowest published lethal dose
ROUTE OF EXPOSURE : Oral
SPECIES OBSERVED : Human - man
DOSE/DURATION : 343 mg/kg
TOXIC EFFECTS :
Gastrointestinal - changes in structure or function of esophagus
Gastrointestinal - ulceration or bleeding from stomach
Kidney, Ureter, Bladder - renal function tests depressed
REFERENCE :
JTCTDW Journal of Toxicology, Clinical Toxicology. (Marcel Dekker, 270
Madison Ave., New York, NY 10016) V.19- 1982- Volume(issue)/page/year:
26,35,1988
TYPE OF TEST : LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill
ROUTE OF EXPOSURE : Oral
SPECIES OBSERVED : Rodent - rat
DOSE/DURATION : 100 mg/kg
TOXIC EFFECTS :
Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value
REFERENCE :
IYKEDH Iyakuhin Kenkyu. Study of Medical Supplies. (Nippon Koteisho
Kyokai, 12-15, 2-chome, Shibuya, Shibuya-ku, Tokyo 150, Japan) V.1- 1970-
Volume(issue)/page/year: 10,520,1979
TYPE OF TEST : LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill
ROUTE OF EXPOSURE : Intraperitoneal
SPECIES OBSERVED : Rodent - rat
DOSE/DURATION : 14800 ug/kg
TOXIC EFFECTS :
Lungs, Thorax, or Respiration - acute pulmonary edema
Gastrointestinal - other changes
Liver - other changes
REFERENCE :
VHTODE Veterinary and Human Toxicology. (American College of Veterinary and
Comparative Toxicology, Publication Office, Comparative Toxicology,
Manhattan, KS 66506) V.19- 1977- Volume(issue)/page/year: 22,395,1980
TYPE OF TEST : LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill
ROUTE OF EXPOSURE : Unreported
SPECIES OBSERVED : Rodent - rat
DOSE/DURATION : 250 mg/kg
TOXIC EFFECTS :
Behavioral - somnolence (general depressed activity)
Behavioral - convulsions or effect on seizure threshold
Behavioral - changes in motor activity (specific assay)
REFERENCE :
GNAMAP Gigiena Naselennykh Mest. Hygiene in Populated Places. (Izdatel'stvo
Zdorov'ya, Kiev, USSR) V.7- 1967- Volume(issue)/page/year: 17,37,1978
TYPE OF TEST : LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill
ROUTE OF EXPOSURE : Oral
SPECIES OBSERVED : Rodent - mouse
DOSE/DURATION : 120 mg/kg
TOXIC EFFECTS :
Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value
REFERENCE :
GEPHDP General Pharmacology. (Pergamon Press Inc., Maxwell House, Fairview
Park, Elmsford, NY 10523) V.6- 1975- Volume(issue)/page/year:
14,541,1983
TYPE OF TEST : LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill
ROUTE OF EXPOSURE : Unreported
SPECIES OBSERVED : Rodent - mouse
DOSE/DURATION : 198 mg/kg
TOXIC EFFECTS :
Behavioral - somnolence (general depressed activity)
Behavioral - convulsions or effect on seizure threshold
Behavioral - changes in motor activity (specific assay)
REFERENCE :
GNAMAP Gigiena Naselennykh Mest. Hygiene in Populated Places. (Izdatel'stvo
Zdorov'ya, Kiev, USSR) V.7- 1967- Volume(issue)/page/year: 17,37,1978
TYPE OF TEST : LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill
ROUTE OF EXPOSURE : Oral
SPECIES OBSERVED : Mammal - dog
DOSE/DURATION : 25 mg/kg
TOXIC EFFECTS :
Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value
REFERENCE :
IYKEDH Iyakuhin Kenkyu. Study of Medical Supplies. (Nippon Koteisho
Kyokai, 12-15, 2-chome, Shibuya, Shibuya-ku, Tokyo 150, Japan) V.1- 1970-
Volume(issue)/page/year: 10,520,1979
TYPE OF TEST : LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill
ROUTE OF EXPOSURE : Oral
SPECIES OBSERVED : Mammal - cat
DOSE/DURATION : 35 mg/kg
TOXIC EFFECTS :
Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value
REFERENCE :
IYKEDH Iyakuhin Kenkyu. Study of Medical Supplies. (Nippon Koteisho
Kyokai, 12-15, 2-chome, Shibuya, Shibuya-ku, Tokyo 150, Japan) V.1- 1970-
Volume(issue)/page/year: 10,520,1979
TYPE OF TEST : LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill
ROUTE OF EXPOSURE : Administration onto the skin
SPECIES OBSERVED : Rodent - rabbit
DOSE/DURATION : 236 mg/kg
TOXIC EFFECTS :
Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value
REFERENCE :
PEMNDP Pesticide Manual. (The British Crop Protection Council, 20 Bridport
Rd., Thornton Heath CR4 7QG, UK) V.1- 1968- Volume(issue)/page/year:
9,646,1991
TYPE OF TEST : LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill
ROUTE OF EXPOSURE : Oral
SPECIES OBSERVED : Rodent - guinea pig
DOSE/DURATION : 30 mg/kg
TOXIC EFFECTS :
Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value
REFERENCE :
IYKEDH Iyakuhin Kenkyu. Study of Medical Supplies. (Nippon Koteisho
Kyokai, 12-15, 2-chome, Shibuya, Shibuya-ku, Tokyo 150, Japan) V.1- 1970-
Volume(issue)/page/year: 10,520,1979
TYPE OF TEST : LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill
ROUTE OF EXPOSURE : Oral
SPECIES OBSERVED : Bird - chicken
DOSE/DURATION : 262 mg/kg
TOXIC EFFECTS :
Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value
REFERENCE :
PEMNDP Pesticide Manual. (The British Crop Protection Council, 20 Bridport
Rd., Thornton Heath CR4 7QG, UK) V.1- 1968- Volume(issue)/page/year:
9,646,1991
TYPE OF TEST : LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill
ROUTE OF EXPOSURE : Oral
SPECIES OBSERVED : Mammal - species unspecified
DOSE/DURATION : 70 mg/kg
TOXIC EFFECTS :
Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value
REFERENCE :
PEMNDP Pesticide Manual. (The British Crop Protection Council, 20 Bridport
Rd., Thornton Heath CR4 7QG, UK) V.1- 1968- Volume(issue)/page/year:
9,646,1991
** OTHER MULTIPLE DOSE TOXICITY DATA **
TYPE OF TEST : TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose
ROUTE OF EXPOSURE : Intraperitoneal
SPECIES OBSERVED : Rodent - rat
DOSE/DURATION : 45 mg/kg/6D-I
TOXIC EFFECTS :
Cardiac - changes in heart weight
Liver - other changes
Endocrine - changes in spleen weight
REFERENCE :
TOLED5 Toxicology Letters. (Elsevier Science Pub. B.V., POB 211, 1000 AE
Amsterdam, Netherlands) V.1- 1977- Volume(issue)/page/year: 69,163,1993
** MUTATION DATA **
TYPE OF TEST : Mutation in microorganisms
TEST SYSTEM : Microorganism - not otherwise specified
DOSE/DURATION : 20 ppm
REFERENCE :
MUREAV Mutation Research. (Elsevier Science Pub. B.V., POB 211, 1000 AE
Amsterdam, Netherlands) V.1- 1964- Volume(issue)/page/year: 138,39,1984
TYPE OF TEST : DNA damage
TEST SYSTEM : Human Ascites tumor
DOSE/DURATION : 500 umol/L
REFERENCE :
BCPCA6 Biochemical Pharmacology. (Pergamon Press Inc., Maxwell House,
Fairview Park, Elmsford, NY 10523) V.1- 1958- Volume(issue)/page/year:
43,705,1992
TYPE OF TEST : Sister chromatid exchange
TEST SYSTEM : Human Lymphocyte
DOSE/DURATION : 100 umol/L
REFERENCE :
CNREA8 Cancer Research. (Public Ledger Building, Suit 816, 6th & Chestnut
Sts., Philadelphia, PA 19106) V.1- 1941- Volume(issue)/page/year:
49,5239,1989
TYPE OF TEST : Mutation test systems - not otherwise specified
ROUTE OF EXPOSURE : Intraperitoneal
TEST SYSTEM : Rodent - mouse
DOSE/DURATION : 15 mg/kg
REFERENCE :
MUREAV Mutation Research. (Elsevier Science Pub. B.V., POB 211, 1000 AE
Amsterdam, Netherlands) V.1- 1964- Volume(issue)/page/year: 328,113,1995
TYPE OF TEST : Cytogenetic analysis
ROUTE OF EXPOSURE : Intraperitoneal
TEST SYSTEM : Rodent - mouse
DOSE/DURATION : 50 mg/kg/10D (Intermittent)
REFERENCE :
MUREAV Mutation Research. (Elsevier Science Pub. B.V., POB 211, 1000 AE
Amsterdam, Netherlands) V.1- 1964- Volume(issue)/page/year: 328,113,1995
TYPE OF TEST : Sperm Morphology
ROUTE OF EXPOSURE : Intraperitoneal
TEST SYSTEM : Rodent - mouse
DOSE/DURATION : 2500 ug/kg/5D (Intermittent)
REFERENCE :
MUREAV Mutation Research. (Elsevier Science Pub. B.V., POB 211, 1000 AE
Amsterdam, Netherlands) V.1- 1964- Volume(issue)/page/year: 328,113,1995
TYPE OF TEST : Cytogenetic analysis
TEST SYSTEM : Rodent - hamster Lung
DOSE/DURATION : 2 mmol/L
REFERENCE :
MUREAV Mutation Research. (Elsevier Science Pub. B.V., POB 211, 1000 AE
Amsterdam, Netherlands) V.1- 1964- Volume(issue)/page/year: 412,187,1998
*** REVIEWS ***
ACGIH TLV-TWA 0.5 mg/m3, total dust
DTLVS* The Threshold Limit Values (TLVs) and Biological Exposure Indices
(BEIs) booklet issues by American Conference of Governmental Industrial
Hygienists (ACGIH), Cincinnati, OH, 1996 Volume(issue)/page/year:
TLV/BEI,1997
ACGIH TLV-TWA 0.1 mg/m3, respirable dust
DTLVS* The Threshold Limit Values (TLVs) and Biological Exposure Indices
(BEIs) booklet issues by American Conference of Governmental Industrial
Hygienists (ACGIH), Cincinnati, OH, 1996 Volume(issue)/page/year:
TLV/BEI,1997
*** U.S. STANDARDS AND REGULATIONS ***
MSHA STANDARD-air:TWA 0.5 mg/m3 (skin)
DTLVS* The Threshold Limit Values (TLVs) and Biological Exposure Indices
(BEIs) booklet issues by American Conference of Governmental Industrial
Hygienists (ACGIH), Cincinnati, OH, 1996 Volume(issue)/page/year:
3,195,1971
OSHA PEL (Gen Indu):8H TWA 0.5 mg/m3 (skin), respirable dust
CFRGBR Code of Federal Regulations. (U.S. Government Printing Office, Supt.
of Documents, Washington, DC 20402) Volume(issue)/page/year:
29,1910.1000,1994
OSHA PEL (Construc):8H TWA 0.5 mg/m3 (skin), respirable dust
CFRGBR Code of Federal Regulations. (U.S. Government Printing Office, Supt.
of Documents, Washington, DC 20402) Volume(issue)/page/year:
29,1926.55,1994
OSHA PEL (Shipyard):8H TWA 0.5 mg/m3 (skin), respirable dust
CFRGBR Code of Federal Regulations. (U.S. Government Printing Office, Supt.
of Documents, Washington, DC 20402) Volume(issue)/page/year:
29,1915.1000,1993
OSHA PEL (Fed Cont):8H TWA 0.5 mg/m3 (skin)
CFRGBR Code of Federal Regulations. (U.S. Government Printing Office, Supt.
of Documents, Washington, DC 20402) Volume(issue)/page/year:
41,50-204.50,1994
*** OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE LIMITS ***
OEL-AUSTRALIA:TWA 0.1 mg/m3 JAN 1993
OEL-BELGIUM:TWA 0.1 mg/m3 JAN 1993
OEL-DENMARK:TWA 0.1 mg/m3;Skin JAN 1993
OEL-FINLAND:TWA 0.1 mg/m3;STEL 0.3 mg/m3;Skin JAN 1993
OEL-FRANCE:TWA 0.1 mg/m3 JAN 1993
OEL-HUNGARY:STEL 0.05 mg/m3;Skin JAN 1993
OEL-THE NETHERLANDS:TWA 0.1 mg/m3 JAN 1993
OEL-THE PHILIPPINES:TWA 0.5 mg/m3;Skin JAN 1993
OEL-THAILAND:TWA 0.5 mg/m3 JAN 1993
OEL IN BULGARIA, COLOMBIA, JORDAN, KOREA check ACGIH TLV
OEL IN NEW ZEALAND, SINGAPORE, VIETNAM check ACGIH TLV
*** NIOSH STANDARDS DEVELOPMENT AND SURVEILLANCE DATA ***
NIOSH RECOMMENDED EXPOSURE LEVEL (REL) :
NIOSH REL TO PARAQUAT, respirable dust-air:10H TWA 0.1 mg/m3 (Sk)
REFERENCE :
NIOSH* National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, U.S. Dept. of
Health, Education, and Welfare, Reports and Memoranda.
Volume(issue)/page/year: DHHS #92-100,1992
*** STATUS IN U.S. ***
EPA GENETOX PROGRAM 1988, Positive: S cerevisiae gene conversion
EPA GENETOX PROGRAM 1988, Negative: Rodent dominant lethal
EPA TSCA TEST SUBMISSION (TSCATS) DATA BASE, JUNE 1998
NIOSH Analytical Method, 1994: Paraquat, 5003
*** END OF RECORD ***