*** CHEMICAL IDENTIFICATION ***

RTECS NUMBER            : FM8750000
CHEMICAL NAME           : Chloral hydrate
CAS REGISTRY NUMBER     : 302-17-0
BEILSTEIN REFERENCE NO. : 1698497
REFERENCE               : 4-01-00-03143 (Beilstein Handbook Reference)
LAST UPDATED            : 199801
DATA ITEMS CITED        : 81
MOLECULAR FORMULA       : C2-H3-Cl3-O2
MOLECULAR WEIGHT        : 165.40
WISWESSER LINE NOTATION : QYQXGGG
COMPOUND DESCRIPTOR     : Tumorigen
                          Drug
                          Mutagen
                          Reproductive Effector
                          Human
SYNONYMS/TRADE NAMES :
   * Aquachloral
   * Bi 3411
   * Chloraldurat
   * Dormal
   * 1,1-Ethanediol, 2,2,2-trichloro-
   * Felsules
   * Hydral
   * Hydrate de chloral
   * Kessodrate
   * Lorinal
   * Noctec
   * Nycoton
   * Nycton
   * Phaldrone
   * Rectules
   * SK-Chloral hydrate
   * Somni SED
   * Somnos
   * Sontec
   * Tosyl
   * Trawotox
   * Trichloracetaldehyd-hydrat
   * Trichloroacetaldehyde hydrate
   * Trichloroacetaldehyde monohydrate
   * 1,1,1-Trichloro-2,2-dihydroxyethane
   * 1,1,1-Trichloro-2,2-ethanediol
   * 2,2,2-Trichloro-1,1-ethanediol
 
                       *** HEALTH HAZARD DATA ***
 
                        ** ACUTE TOXICITY DATA **
 
TYPE OF TEST            : TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose
ROUTE OF EXPOSURE       : Oral
SPECIES OBSERVED        : Human - man
DOSE/DURATION           : 1 gm/kg
TOXIC EFFECTS :
   Behavioral - coma
   Cardiac - pulse rate increase, without fall in BP
   Lungs, Thorax, or Respiration - cyanosis
REFERENCE :
   JTCTDW Journal of Toxicology, Clinical Toxicology.  (Marcel Dekker, 270
   Madison Ave., New York, NY 10016)  V.19-    1982-  Volume(issue)/page/year:
   34,97,1996
 
TYPE OF TEST            : TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose
ROUTE OF EXPOSURE       : Oral
SPECIES OBSERVED        : Human - child
DOSE/DURATION           : 219 mg/kg
TOXIC EFFECTS :
   Cardiac - arrhythmias (including changes in conduction)
REFERENCE :
   JTCTDW Journal of Toxicology, Clinical Toxicology.  (Marcel Dekker, 270
   Madison Ave., New York, NY 10016)  V.19-    1982-  Volume(issue)/page/year:
   34,101,1996
 
TYPE OF TEST            : TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose
ROUTE OF EXPOSURE       : Oral
SPECIES OBSERVED        : Human - woman
DOSE/DURATION           : 960 mg/kg
TOXIC EFFECTS :
   Behavioral - somnolence (general depressed activity)
   Behavioral - hallucinations, distorted perceptions
   Cardiac - pulse rate increase, without fall in BP
REFERENCE :
   JTCTDW Journal of Toxicology, Clinical Toxicology.  (Marcel Dekker, 270
   Madison Ave., New York, NY 10016)  V.19-    1982-  Volume(issue)/page/year:
   34,101,1996
 
TYPE OF TEST            : TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose
ROUTE OF EXPOSURE       : Oral
SPECIES OBSERVED        : Human - woman
DOSE/DURATION           : 465 mg/kg
TOXIC EFFECTS :
   Sense Organs and Special Senses (Eye) - effect, not otherwise specified
   Behavioral - coma
   Vascular - BP lowering not characterized in autonomic section
REFERENCE :
   AMSVAZ Acta Medica Scandinavica.  (Almqvist & Wiksell, POB 45150, S-10430
   Stockholm, Sweden) V.52-224, 1919-88.  Volume(issue)/page/year: 223,269,1988
 
TYPE OF TEST            : LDLo - Lowest published lethal dose
ROUTE OF EXPOSURE       : Oral
SPECIES OBSERVED        : Human
DOSE/DURATION           : 4 mg/kg
TOXIC EFFECTS :
   Sense Organs and Special Senses (Eye) - miosis (pupillary constriction)
   Gastrointestinal - nausea or vomiting
REFERENCE :
   PHBTH* "Pharmacology:  Basis of Therapy," 3rd ed., Goodman, L.S., ed., New
   York, Macmillan Pub. Co., 1967  Volume(issue)/page/year: 3,132,1967
 
TYPE OF TEST            : TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose
ROUTE OF EXPOSURE       : Oral
SPECIES OBSERVED        : Human
DOSE/DURATION           : 300 mg/kg
TOXIC EFFECTS :
   Behavioral - general anesthetic
   Cardiac - arrhythmias (including changes in conduction)
   Vascular - BP lowering not characterized in autonomic section
REFERENCE :
   BMJOAE British Medical Journal.  (British Medical Assoc., BMA House,
   Tavistock Sq., London WC1H 9JR, UK)  V.1-    1857- Volume(issue)/page/year:
   2,994,1977
 
TYPE OF TEST            : TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose
ROUTE OF EXPOSURE       : Intravenous
SPECIES OBSERVED        : Human - child
DOSE/DURATION           : 39 mg/kg
TOXIC EFFECTS :
   Behavioral - somnolence (general depressed activity)
   Skin and Appendages - dermatitis, other (after systemic exposure)
REFERENCE :
   JTCTDW Journal of Toxicology, Clinical Toxicology.  (Marcel Dekker, 270
   Madison Ave., New York, NY 10016)  V.19-    1982-  Volume(issue)/page/year:
   34,101,1996
 
TYPE OF TEST            : TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose
ROUTE OF EXPOSURE       : Intravenous
SPECIES OBSERVED        : Human - child
DOSE/DURATION           : 88 mg/kg
TOXIC EFFECTS :
   Behavioral - somnolence (general depressed activity)
   Lungs, Thorax, or Respiration - cyanosis
   Lungs, Thorax, or Respiration - respiratory depression
REFERENCE :
   JTCTDW Journal of Toxicology, Clinical Toxicology.  (Marcel Dekker, 270
   Madison Ave., New York, NY 10016)  V.19-    1982-  Volume(issue)/page/year:
   34,101,1996
 
TYPE OF TEST            : TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose
ROUTE OF EXPOSURE       : Unreported
SPECIES OBSERVED        : Human - child
DOSE/DURATION           : 48 mg/kg/6H-I
TOXIC EFFECTS :
   Cardiac - pulse rate increase, without fall in BP
REFERENCE :
   AACRAT Anesthesia and Analgesia (New York).  (Elsevier Science Pub. Co.,
   Inc., 52 Vanderbilt Ave., New York, NY 10017)  V.36-    1957-
   Volume(issue)/page/year: 65,691,1986
 
TYPE OF TEST            : LDLo - Lowest published lethal dose
ROUTE OF EXPOSURE       : Unreported
SPECIES OBSERVED        : Human - man
DOSE/DURATION           : 103 mg/kg
TOXIC EFFECTS :
   Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value
REFERENCE :
   85DCAI "Poisoning; Toxicology, Symptoms, Treatments," 2nd ed., Arena, J.M.,
   Springfield, IL, C.C. Thomas, 1970  Volume(issue)/page/year: 2,73,1970
 
TYPE OF TEST            : TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose
ROUTE OF EXPOSURE       : Unreported
SPECIES OBSERVED        : Human - infant
DOSE/DURATION           : 160 mg/kg/3D-I
TOXIC EFFECTS :
   Cardiac - arrhythmias (including changes in conduction)
REFERENCE :
   AACRAT Anesthesia and Analgesia (New York).  (Elsevier Science Pub. Co.,
   Inc., 52 Vanderbilt Ave., New York, NY 10017)  V.36-    1957-
   Volume(issue)/page/year: 65,691,1986
 
TYPE OF TEST            : TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose
ROUTE OF EXPOSURE       : Rectal
SPECIES OBSERVED        : Human - child
DOSE/DURATION           : 97 mg/kg
TOXIC EFFECTS :
   Cardiac - pulse rate increase, without fall in BP
REFERENCE :
   AACRAT Anesthesia and Analgesia (New York).  (Elsevier Science Pub. Co.,
   Inc., 52 Vanderbilt Ave., New York, NY 10017)  V.36-    1957-
   Volume(issue)/page/year: 65,691,1986
 
TYPE OF TEST            : LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill
ROUTE OF EXPOSURE       : Oral
SPECIES OBSERVED        : Rodent - rat
DOSE/DURATION           : 479 mg/kg
TOXIC EFFECTS :
   Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value
REFERENCE :
   TXAPA9 Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology.  (Academic Press, Inc., 1 E.
   First St., Duluth, MN 55802) V.1-    1959-  Volume(issue)/page/year:
   18,185,1971
 
TYPE OF TEST            : LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill
ROUTE OF EXPOSURE       : Administration onto the skin
SPECIES OBSERVED        : Rodent - rat
DOSE/DURATION           : 3030 mg/kg
TOXIC EFFECTS :
   Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value
REFERENCE :
   85JFAN "Agrochemicals Handbook," with updates, Hartley, D., and H. Kidd,
   eds., Nottingham, Royal Soc. of Chemistry, 1983-86 Volume(issue)/page/year:
   A065,1984
 
TYPE OF TEST            : LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill
ROUTE OF EXPOSURE       : Intraperitoneal
SPECIES OBSERVED        : Rodent - rat
DOSE/DURATION           : 472 mg/kg
TOXIC EFFECTS :
   Behavioral - somnolence (general depressed activity)
   Lungs, Thorax, or Respiration - other changes
REFERENCE :
   JAPMA8 Journal of the American Pharmaceutical Association, Scientific
   Edition.  (Washington, DC) V.29-49, 1940-60.  For publisher information, see
   JPMSAE.  Volume(issue)/page/year: 41,100,1952
 
TYPE OF TEST            : LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill
ROUTE OF EXPOSURE       : Parenteral
SPECIES OBSERVED        : Rodent - rat
DOSE/DURATION           : 710 mg/kg
TOXIC EFFECTS :
   Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value
REFERENCE :
   NIIRDN Drugs in Japan (Ethical Drugs).  (Yakugyo Jiho Co., Ltd., Tokyo,
   Japan)  Volume(issue)/page/year: 6,784,1982
 
TYPE OF TEST            : LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill
ROUTE OF EXPOSURE       : Unreported
SPECIES OBSERVED        : Rodent - rat
DOSE/DURATION           : 725 mg/kg
TOXIC EFFECTS :
   Behavioral - somnolence (general depressed activity)
   Behavioral - excitement
   Behavioral - ataxia
REFERENCE :
   GISAAA Gigiena i Sanitariya.  For English translation, see HYSAAV.  (V/O
   Mezhdunarodnaya Kniga, 113095 Moscow, USSR)  V.1-    1936-
   Volume(issue)/page/year: 35(3),14,1970
 
TYPE OF TEST            : LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill
ROUTE OF EXPOSURE       : Rectal
SPECIES OBSERVED        : Rodent - rat
DOSE/DURATION           : 710 mg/kg
TOXIC EFFECTS :
   Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value
REFERENCE :
   NIIRDN Drugs in Japan (Ethical Drugs).  (Yakugyo Jiho Co., Ltd., Tokyo,
   Japan)  Volume(issue)/page/year: -,1114,1990
 
TYPE OF TEST            : LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill
ROUTE OF EXPOSURE       : Oral
SPECIES OBSERVED        : Rodent - mouse
DOSE/DURATION           : 1100 mg/kg
TOXIC EFFECTS :
   Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value
REFERENCE :
   JPETAB Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics.  (Williams &
   Wilkins Co., 428 E. Preston St., Baltimore, MD 21202)  V.1-    1909/10-
   Volume(issue)/page/year: 106,444,1952
 
TYPE OF TEST            : LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill
ROUTE OF EXPOSURE       : Intraperitoneal
SPECIES OBSERVED        : Rodent - mouse
DOSE/DURATION           : 580 mg/kg
TOXIC EFFECTS :
   Behavioral - somnolence (general depressed activity)
REFERENCE :
   ARZNAD Arzneimittel-Forschung. Drug Research.  (Editio Cantor Verlag,
   Postfach 1255, W-7960 Aulendorf, Fed. Rep. Ger.)  V.1-    1951-
   Volume(issue)/page/year: 10,665,1960
 
TYPE OF TEST            : LDLo - Lowest published lethal dose
ROUTE OF EXPOSURE       : Subcutaneous
SPECIES OBSERVED        : Rodent - mouse
DOSE/DURATION           : 800 mg/kg
TOXIC EFFECTS :
   Behavioral - general anesthetic
   Behavioral - excitement
   Lungs, Thorax, or Respiration - other changes
REFERENCE :
   AEPPAE Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Archiv fuer Experimentelle Pathologie und
   Pharmakologie.  (Berlin, Ger.) V.110-253, 1925-66.  For publisher
   information, see NSAPCC.  Volume(issue)/page/year: 166,437,1932
 
TYPE OF TEST            : LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill
ROUTE OF EXPOSURE       : Intravenous
SPECIES OBSERVED        : Rodent - mouse
DOSE/DURATION           : 530 mg/kg
TOXIC EFFECTS :
   Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value
REFERENCE :
   APFRAD Annales Pharmaceutiques Francaises.  (SPPIF, B.P.22, F-41353 Vineuil,
   France)  V.1-    1943-  Volume(issue)/page/year: 38,65,1980
 
TYPE OF TEST            : LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill
ROUTE OF EXPOSURE       : Unreported
SPECIES OBSERVED        : Rodent - mouse
DOSE/DURATION           : 850 mg/kg
TOXIC EFFECTS :
   Behavioral - somnolence (general depressed activity)
   Behavioral - excitement
   Behavioral - ataxia
REFERENCE :
   GISAAA Gigiena i Sanitariya.  For English translation, see HYSAAV.  (V/O
   Mezhdunarodnaya Kniga, 113095 Moscow, USSR)  V.1-    1936-
   Volume(issue)/page/year: 35(3),14,1970
 
TYPE OF TEST            : LDLo - Lowest published lethal dose
ROUTE OF EXPOSURE       : Oral
SPECIES OBSERVED        : Mammal - dog
DOSE/DURATION           : 1 gm/kg
TOXIC EFFECTS :
   Behavioral - sleep
REFERENCE :
   JPETAB Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics.  (Williams &
   Wilkins Co., 428 E. Preston St., Baltimore, MD 21202)  V.1-    1909/10-
   Volume(issue)/page/year: 78,340,1943
 
TYPE OF TEST            : LDLo - Lowest published lethal dose
ROUTE OF EXPOSURE       : Intravenous
SPECIES OBSERVED        : Mammal - dog
DOSE/DURATION           : 180 mg/kg
TOXIC EFFECTS :
   Behavioral - general anesthetic
REFERENCE :
   BDHU** "Nachprufung der Toxicitat von Novocain und Tutocain bei
   Chloralisierten Tieren, Dissertation," Barke, A., Pharmakologischen Institut
   der Tierarztlichen Hochschule zu Hannover, Fed. Rep. Ger., 1936
   Volume(issue)/page/year: -,-,1936
 
TYPE OF TEST            : LDLo - Lowest published lethal dose
ROUTE OF EXPOSURE       : Oral
SPECIES OBSERVED        : Mammal - cat
DOSE/DURATION           : 400 mg/kg
TOXIC EFFECTS :
   Behavioral - sleep
REFERENCE :
   JPETAB Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics.  (Williams &
   Wilkins Co., 428 E. Preston St., Baltimore, MD 21202)  V.1-    1909/10-
   Volume(issue)/page/year: 78,340,1943
 
TYPE OF TEST            : LDLo - Lowest published lethal dose
ROUTE OF EXPOSURE       : Oral
SPECIES OBSERVED        : Rodent - rabbit
DOSE/DURATION           : 1200 mg/kg
TOXIC EFFECTS :
   Behavioral - general anesthetic
REFERENCE :
   AEPPAE Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Archiv fuer Experimentelle Pathologie und
   Pharmakologie.  (Berlin, Ger.) V.110-253, 1925-66.  For publisher
   information, see NSAPCC.  Volume(issue)/page/year: 132,214,1928
 
TYPE OF TEST            : LDLo - Lowest published lethal dose
ROUTE OF EXPOSURE       : Subcutaneous
SPECIES OBSERVED        : Rodent - rabbit
DOSE/DURATION           : 1 gm/kg
TOXIC EFFECTS :
   Behavioral - general anesthetic
   Lungs, Thorax, or Respiration - other changes
REFERENCE :
   ZEPTAT Zeitschrift fuer Experimentelle Pathologie und Therapie.  (Berlin,
   Ger.)  V.1-22, 1905-21. For publisher information, see REXMAS.
   Volume(issue)/page/year: 18,61,1916
 
TYPE OF TEST            : LDLo - Lowest published lethal dose
ROUTE OF EXPOSURE       : Intravenous
SPECIES OBSERVED        : Rodent - rabbit
DOSE/DURATION           : 400 mg/kg
TOXIC EFFECTS :
   Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value
REFERENCE :
   JPETAB Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics.  (Williams &
   Wilkins Co., 428 E. Preston St., Baltimore, MD 21202)  V.1-    1909/10-
   Volume(issue)/page/year: 63,453,1938
 
TYPE OF TEST            : LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill
ROUTE OF EXPOSURE       : Unreported
SPECIES OBSERVED        : Rodent - rabbit
DOSE/DURATION           : 1400 mg/kg
TOXIC EFFECTS :
   Behavioral - somnolence (general depressed activity)
   Behavioral - excitement
   Behavioral - ataxia
REFERENCE :
   GISAAA Gigiena i Sanitariya.  For English translation, see HYSAAV.  (V/O
   Mezhdunarodnaya Kniga, 113095 Moscow, USSR)  V.1-    1936-
   Volume(issue)/page/year: 35(3),14,1970
 
TYPE OF TEST            : LDLo - Lowest published lethal dose
ROUTE OF EXPOSURE       : Rectal
SPECIES OBSERVED        : Rodent - rabbit
DOSE/DURATION           : 1 gm/kg
TOXIC EFFECTS :
   Behavioral - general anesthetic
   Lungs, Thorax, or Respiration - other changes
REFERENCE :
   AEPPAE Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Archiv fuer Experimentelle Pathologie und
   Pharmakologie.  (Berlin, Ger.) V.110-253, 1925-66.  For publisher
   information, see NSAPCC.  Volume(issue)/page/year: 132,214,1928
 
TYPE OF TEST            : LDLo - Lowest published lethal dose
ROUTE OF EXPOSURE       : Intravenous
SPECIES OBSERVED        : Rodent - guinea pig
DOSE/DURATION           : 400 mg/kg
TOXIC EFFECTS :
   Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value
REFERENCE :
   AEPPAE Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Archiv fuer Experimentelle Pathologie und
   Pharmakologie.  (Berlin, Ger.) V.110-253, 1925-66.  For publisher
   information, see NSAPCC.  Volume(issue)/page/year: 131,171,1928
 
TYPE OF TEST            : LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill
ROUTE OF EXPOSURE       : Unreported
SPECIES OBSERVED        : Rodent - guinea pig
DOSE/DURATION           : 940 mg/kg
TOXIC EFFECTS :
   Behavioral - somnolence (general depressed activity)
   Behavioral - excitement
   Behavioral - ataxia
REFERENCE :
   GISAAA Gigiena i Sanitariya.  For English translation, see HYSAAV.  (V/O
   Mezhdunarodnaya Kniga, 113095 Moscow, USSR)  V.1-    1936-
   Volume(issue)/page/year: 35(3),14,1970
 
TYPE OF TEST            : LDLo - Lowest published lethal dose
ROUTE OF EXPOSURE       : Intraarterial
SPECIES OBSERVED        : Rodent - guinea pig
DOSE/DURATION           : 400 mg/kg
TOXIC EFFECTS :
   Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value
REFERENCE :
   AEPPAE Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Archiv fuer Experimentelle Pathologie und
   Pharmakologie.  (Berlin, Ger.) V.110-253, 1925-66.  For publisher
   information, see NSAPCC.  Volume(issue)/page/year: 131,171,1928
 
TYPE OF TEST            : LDLo - Lowest published lethal dose
ROUTE OF EXPOSURE       : Oral
SPECIES OBSERVED        : Bird - pigeon
DOSE/DURATION           : 300 mg/kg
TOXIC EFFECTS :
   Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value
REFERENCE :
   HBAMAK "Abdernalden's Handbuch der Biologischen Arbeitsmethoden." (Leipzig,
   Ger. Dem. Rep.)  Volume(issue)/page/year: 4,1289,1935
 
TYPE OF TEST            : LDLo - Lowest published lethal dose
ROUTE OF EXPOSURE       : Oral
SPECIES OBSERVED        : Amphibian - frog
DOSE/DURATION           : 938 mg/kg
TOXIC EFFECTS :
   Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value
REFERENCE :
   AIPTAK Archives Internationales de Pharmacodynamie et de Therapie. (Heymans
   Institute of Pharmacology, De Pintelaan 185, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium)  V.4-   
   1898-  Volume(issue)/page/year: 8,77,1901
 
TYPE OF TEST            : LDLo - Lowest published lethal dose
ROUTE OF EXPOSURE       : Parenteral
SPECIES OBSERVED        : Amphibian - frog
DOSE/DURATION           : 900 mg/kg
TOXIC EFFECTS :
   Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value
REFERENCE :
   AEPPAE Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Archiv fuer Experimentelle Pathologie und
   Pharmakologie.  (Berlin, Ger.) V.110-253, 1925-66.  For publisher
   information, see NSAPCC.  Volume(issue)/page/year: 166,437,1932
 
TYPE OF TEST            : LDLo - Lowest published lethal dose
ROUTE OF EXPOSURE       : Oral
SPECIES OBSERVED        : Mammal - cattle
DOSE/DURATION           : 30 mg/kg
TOXIC EFFECTS :
   Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value
REFERENCE :
   HBAMAK "Abdernalden's Handbuch der Biologischen Arbeitsmethoden." (Leipzig,
   Ger. Dem. Rep.)  Volume(issue)/page/year: 4,1289,1935
 
TYPE OF TEST            : LDLo - Lowest published lethal dose
ROUTE OF EXPOSURE       : Intravenous
SPECIES OBSERVED        : Mammal - cattle
DOSE/DURATION           : 10 mg/kg
TOXIC EFFECTS :
   Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value
REFERENCE :
   HBAMAK "Abdernalden's Handbuch der Biologischen Arbeitsmethoden." (Leipzig,
   Ger. Dem. Rep.)  Volume(issue)/page/year: 4,1289,1935
 
TYPE OF TEST            : LDLo - Lowest published lethal dose
ROUTE OF EXPOSURE       : Rectal
SPECIES OBSERVED        : Mammal - cattle
DOSE/DURATION           : 30 mg/kg
TOXIC EFFECTS :
   Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value
REFERENCE :
   HBAMAK "Abdernalden's Handbuch der Biologischen Arbeitsmethoden." (Leipzig,
   Ger. Dem. Rep.)  Volume(issue)/page/year: 4,1289,1935
 
                 ** OTHER MULTIPLE DOSE TOXICITY DATA **
 
TYPE OF TEST            : TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose
ROUTE OF EXPOSURE       : Oral
SPECIES OBSERVED        : Rodent - rat
DOSE/DURATION           : 15120 mg/kg/90D-C
TOXIC EFFECTS :
   Liver - hepatitis (hepatocellular necrosis), zonal
   Blood - changes in serum composition (e.g. TP, bilirubin, cholesterol)
   Biochemical - Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue
   levels - transaminases
REFERENCE :
   DCTODJ Drug and Chemical Toxicology.  (Marcel Dekker, 270 Madison Ave., New
   York, NY 10016) V.1-    1977/78-  Volume(issue)/page/year: 15,217,1992
 
TYPE OF TEST            : TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose
ROUTE OF EXPOSURE       : Oral
SPECIES OBSERVED        : Rodent - rat
DOSE/DURATION           : 210 mg/kg/30W-I
TOXIC EFFECTS :
   Blood - other changes
   Biochemical - Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue
   levels - true cholinesterase
REFERENCE :
   GISAAA Gigiena i Sanitariya.  For English translation, see HYSAAV.  (V/O
   Mezhdunarodnaya Kniga, 113095 Moscow, USSR)  V.1-    1936-
   Volume(issue)/page/year: 35(3),14,1970
 
TYPE OF TEST            : TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose
ROUTE OF EXPOSURE       : Oral
SPECIES OBSERVED        : Rodent - rat
DOSE/DURATION           : 1413 mg/kg/90D-C
TOXIC EFFECTS :
   Nutritional and Gross Metabolic - body temperature decrease
REFERENCE :
   NTOTDY Neurobehavioral Toxicology and Teratology.  (Fayetteville, NY) V.3-8,
   1981-86.  For publisher information, see NETEEC. Volume(issue)/page/year:
   6,137,1984
 
TYPE OF TEST            : TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose
ROUTE OF EXPOSURE       : Oral
SPECIES OBSERVED        : Rodent - mouse
DOSE/DURATION           : 2016 mg/kg/14D-I
TOXIC EFFECTS :
   Liver - changes in liver weight
   Endocrine - changes in spleen weight
   Blood - changes in serum composition (e.g. TP, bilirubin, cholesterol)
REFERENCE :
   EVHPAZ EHP, Environmental Health Perspectives.  (U.S. Government Printing
   Office, Supt of Documents, Washington, DC 20402)  No.1-    1972-
   Volume(issue)/page/year: 44,137,1982
 
TYPE OF TEST            : TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose
ROUTE OF EXPOSURE       : Oral
SPECIES OBSERVED        : Rodent - mouse
DOSE/DURATION           : 1440 mg/kg/90D-C
TOXIC EFFECTS :
   Liver - changes in liver weight
   Nutritional and Gross Metabolic - other changes
   Biochemical - Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue
   levels - hepatic microsomal mixed oxidase (dealkylation, hydroxylation,
   etc.)
REFERENCE :
   EVHPAZ EHP, Environmental Health Perspectives.  (U.S. Government Printing
   Office, Supt of Documents, Washington, DC 20402)  No.1-    1972-
   Volume(issue)/page/year: 44,137,1982
 
                          ** TUMORIGENIC DATA **
 
TYPE OF TEST            : TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose
ROUTE OF EXPOSURE       : Oral
SPECIES OBSERVED        : Rodent - mouse
DOSE/DURATION           : 10 mg/kg
TOXIC EFFECTS :
   Tumorigenic - Carcinogenic by RTECS criteria
   Liver - tumors
REFERENCE :
   CDPRD4 Cancer Detection and Prevention.  (Alan R. Liss, Inc., 41 E. 11th
   St., New York, NY 10003) V.1-    1976-  Volume(issue)/page/year: 9,279,1986
 
TYPE OF TEST            : TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose
ROUTE OF EXPOSURE       : Administration onto the skin
SPECIES OBSERVED        : Rodent - mouse
DOSE/DURATION           : 960 mg/kg/1W-I
TOXIC EFFECTS :
   Tumorigenic - equivocal tumorigenic agent by RTECS criteria
   Skin and Appendages - tumors
REFERENCE :
   BJCAAI British Journal of Cancer.  (Macmillan Press Ltd., Houndmills,
   Basingstoke, Hants. RG21 2XS, UK)  V.1-    1947-  Volume(issue)/page/year:
   9,177,1955
 
                          ** REPRODUCTIVE DATA **
 
TYPE OF TEST            : TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose
ROUTE OF EXPOSURE       : Oral
SPECIES OBSERVED        : Rodent - mouse
DOSE                    : 13 gm/kg
SEX/DURATION            : female 3 week(s) pre-mating  - 3 week(s) post-birth
TOXIC EFFECTS :
   Reproductive - Effects on Newborn - behavioral
REFERENCE :
   NTOTDY Neurobehavioral Toxicology and Teratology.  (Fayetteville, NY) V.3-8,
   1981-86.  For publisher information, see NETEEC. Volume(issue)/page/year:
   6,137,1984
 
                            ** MUTATION DATA **
 
TYPE OF TEST            : Mutation in microorganisms
TEST SYSTEM             : Bacteria - Salmonella typhimurium
DOSE/DURATION           : 1 mg/plate
REFERENCE :
   ENMUDM Environmental Mutagenesis.  (New York, NY)  V.1-9, 1979-87.  For
   publisher information, see EMMUEG.  Volume(issue)/page/year: 5(Suppl
   1),3,1983
 
TYPE OF TEST            : Mutation in microorganisms
TEST SYSTEM             : Microorganism - not otherwise specified
DOSE/DURATION           : 2 mg/plate
REFERENCE :
   CBINA8 Chemico-Biological Interactions.  (Elsevier Scientific Pub. Ireland
   Ltd., POB 85, Limerick, Ireland)  V.1-    1969-  Volume(issue)/page/year:
   30,9,1980
 
TYPE OF TEST            : Specific locus test
ROUTE OF EXPOSURE       : Oral
TEST SYSTEM             : Insect - Drosophila melanogaster
DOSE/DURATION           : 5 mmol/L
REFERENCE :
   MUREAV Mutation Research.  (Elsevier Science Pub. B.V., POB 211, 1000 AE
   Amsterdam, Netherlands) V.1-    1964-  Volume(issue)/page/year: 322,111,1994
 
TYPE OF TEST            : Gene conversion and mitotic recombination
TEST SYSTEM             : Yeast - Saccharomyces cerevisiae
DOSE/DURATION           : 15 mmol/L
REFERENCE :
   MUREAV Mutation Research.  (Elsevier Science Pub. B.V., POB 211, 1000 AE
   Amsterdam, Netherlands) V.1-    1964-  Volume(issue)/page/year: 141,19,1984
 
TYPE OF TEST            : Mutation in microorganisms
TEST SYSTEM             : Mold - Aspergillus nidulans
DOSE/DURATION           : 5 mg/plate
REFERENCE :
   CBINA8 Chemico-Biological Interactions.  (Elsevier Scientific Pub. Ireland
   Ltd., POB 85, Limerick, Ireland)  V.1-    1969-  Volume(issue)/page/year:
   30,9,1980
 
TYPE OF TEST            : Sex chromosome loss and nondisjunction
TEST SYSTEM             : Mold - Aspergillus nidulans
DOSE/DURATION           : 5 mmol/L
REFERENCE :
   MUREAV Mutation Research.  (Elsevier Science Pub. B.V., POB 211, 1000 AE
   Amsterdam, Netherlands) V.1-    1964-  Volume(issue)/page/year: 155,105,1985
 
TYPE OF TEST            : Micronucleus test
ROUTE OF EXPOSURE       : Multiple routes
TEST SYSTEM             : Non-mammalian species
DOSE/DURATION           : 200 ppm
REFERENCE :
   MUREAV Mutation Research.  (Elsevier Science Pub. B.V., POB 211, 1000 AE
   Amsterdam, Netherlands) V.1-    1964-  Volume(issue)/page/year: 292,83,1993
 
TYPE OF TEST            : Mutation test systems - not otherwise specified
TEST SYSTEM             : Non-mammalian species Cells - not otherwise specified
DOSE/DURATION           : 100 mmol/L
REFERENCE :
   CHROAU Chromosoma.  (Springer-Verlag New York, Inc., Service Center, 44
   Hartz Way, Secaucus, NJ 07094)  V.1-    1939-  Volume(issue)/page/year:
   45,215,1974
 
TYPE OF TEST            : Cytogenetic analysis
TEST SYSTEM             : Non-mammalian species Cells - not otherwise specified
DOSE/DURATION           : 100 mmol/L
REFERENCE :
   CHROAU Chromosoma.  (Springer-Verlag New York, Inc., Service Center, 44
   Hartz Way, Secaucus, NJ 07094)  V.1-    1939-  Volume(issue)/page/year:
   45,215,1974
 
TYPE OF TEST            : Micronucleus test
TEST SYSTEM             : Human Lymphocyte
DOSE/DURATION           : 500 umol/L
REFERENCE :
   CRNGDP Carcinogenesis (London). (Oxford Univ. Press, Pinkhill House,
   Southfield Road, Eynsham, Oxford OX8 1JJ, UK)  V.1-    1980-
   Volume(issue)/page/year: 18,1687,1997
 
TYPE OF TEST            : Mutation test systems - not otherwise specified
TEST SYSTEM             : Human Lymphocyte
DOSE/DURATION           : 100 mg/L
REFERENCE :
   MUREAV Mutation Research.  (Elsevier Science Pub. B.V., POB 211, 1000 AE
   Amsterdam, Netherlands) V.1-    1964-  Volume(issue)/page/year: 334,1,1995
 
TYPE OF TEST            : Sister chromatid exchange
TEST SYSTEM             : Human Lymphocyte
DOSE/DURATION           : 54 mg/L
REFERENCE :
   AGTQAH Annales de Genetique.  (Expansion Scientifique Francaise, 15 rue
   Saint-Benoit, F-75278, Paris Cedex 06, France)  V.1-    1958-
   Volume(issue)/page/year: 24,105,1981
 
TYPE OF TEST            : Sex chromosome loss and nondisjunction
TEST SYSTEM             : Human Lymphocyte
DOSE/DURATION           : 50 mg/L
REFERENCE :
   MUREAV Mutation Research.  (Elsevier Science Pub. B.V., POB 211, 1000 AE
   Amsterdam, Netherlands) V.1-    1964-  Volume(issue)/page/year: 287,57,1993
 
TYPE OF TEST            : Micronucleus test
ROUTE OF EXPOSURE       : Intraperitoneal
TEST SYSTEM             : Rodent - mouse
DOSE/DURATION           : 41 mg/kg
REFERENCE :
   MUREAV Mutation Research.  (Elsevier Science Pub. B.V., POB 211, 1000 AE
   Amsterdam, Netherlands) V.1-    1964-  Volume(issue)/page/year: 323,81,1994
 
TYPE OF TEST            : Sex chromosome loss and nondisjunction
ROUTE OF EXPOSURE       : Intraperitoneal
TEST SYSTEM             : Rodent - mouse
DOSE/DURATION           : 82700 ug/kg
REFERENCE :
   ENMUDM Environmental Mutagenesis.  (New York, NY)  V.1-9, 1979-87.  For
   publisher information, see EMMUEG.  Volume(issue)/page/year: 6,695,1984
 
TYPE OF TEST            : Host-mediated assay
TEST SYSTEM             : Rodent - mouse Yeast - Saccharomyces cerevisiae
DOSE/DURATION           : 500 mg/kg
REFERENCE :
   MUREAV Mutation Research.  (Elsevier Science Pub. B.V., POB 211, 1000 AE
   Amsterdam, Netherlands) V.1-    1964-  Volume(issue)/page/year: 141,19,1984
 
TYPE OF TEST            : Micronucleus test
TEST SYSTEM             : Rodent - hamster Lung
DOSE/DURATION           : 80 mg/L
REFERENCE :
   MUREAV Mutation Research.  (Elsevier Science Pub. B.V., POB 211, 1000 AE
   Amsterdam, Netherlands) V.1-    1964-  Volume(issue)/page/year: 287,71,1993
 
TYPE OF TEST            : Morphological transformation
TEST SYSTEM             : Rodent - hamster Embryo
DOSE/DURATION           : 1 mg/L
REFERENCE :
   MUREAV Mutation Research.  (Elsevier Science Pub. B.V., POB 211, 1000 AE
   Amsterdam, Netherlands) V.1-    1964-  Volume(issue)/page/year: 343,7,1995
 
TYPE OF TEST            : Mutation test systems - not otherwise specified
TEST SYSTEM             : Rodent - hamster Embryo
DOSE/DURATION           : 165 mg/L
REFERENCE :
   MUREAV Mutation Research.  (Elsevier Science Pub. B.V., POB 211, 1000 AE
   Amsterdam, Netherlands) V.1-    1964-  Volume(issue)/page/year: 287,47,1993
 
TYPE OF TEST            : Sex chromosome loss and nondisjunction
TEST SYSTEM             : Rodent - hamster Embryo
DOSE/DURATION           : 100 mg/L
REFERENCE :
   MUREAV Mutation Research.  (Elsevier Science Pub. B.V., POB 211, 1000 AE
   Amsterdam, Netherlands) V.1-    1964-  Volume(issue)/page/year: 287,47,1993
 
TYPE OF TEST            : Sex chromosome loss and nondisjunction
TEST SYSTEM             : Rodent - hamster Lung
DOSE/DURATION           : 500 mg/L
REFERENCE :
   MUREAV Mutation Research.  (Elsevier Science Pub. B.V., POB 211, 1000 AE
   Amsterdam, Netherlands) V.1-    1964-  Volume(issue)/page/year: 287,29,1993

                              *** REVIEWS ***
 
   IARC Cancer Review:Animal Limited Evidence
   IMEMDT IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals
   to Man.  (WHO Publications Centre USA, 49 Sheridan Ave., Albany, NY 12210)
   V.1-    1972-  Volume(issue)/page/year: 63,245,1995

   IARC Cancer Review:Human Inadequate Evidence
   IMEMDT IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals
   to Man.  (WHO Publications Centre USA, 49 Sheridan Ave., Albany, NY 12210)
   V.1-    1972-  Volume(issue)/page/year: 63,245,1995

   IARC Cancer Review:Group 3
   IMEMDT IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals
   to Man.  (WHO Publications Centre USA, 49 Sheridan Ave., Albany, NY 12210)
   V.1-    1972-  Volume(issue)/page/year: 63,245,1995

         *** NIOSH STANDARDS DEVELOPMENT AND SURVEILLANCE DATA ***

NIOSH OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE SURVEY DATA :
   NOHS - National Occupational Hazard Survey (1974)
     NOHS Hazard Code - 84490
       No. of Facilities: 1191 (estimated)
       No. of Industries: 3
       No. of Occupations: 10
       No. of Employees: 10916 (estimated)
   
   NOES - National Occupational Exposure Survey (1983)
     NOES Hazard Code - 84490
       No. of Facilities: 264 (estimated)
       No. of Industries: 4
       No. of Occupations: 11
       No. of Employees: 11278 (estimated)
       No. of Female Employees: 8131 (estimated)

                          *** STATUS IN U.S. ***
 
   EPA GENETOX PROGRAM 1988, Positive: Aspergillus-aneuploidy; Histidine
   reversion-Ames test
   
   EPA GENETOX PROGRAM 1988, Negative: Aspergillus-recombination; N
   crassa-aneuploidy
   
   EPA GENETOX PROGRAM 1988, Negative: Sperm morphology-mouse
   
   EPA GENETOX PROGRAM 1988, Inconclusive: Carcinogenicity-mouse/rat; Mammalian
   micronucleus
   
   EPA TSCA Section 8(b) CHEMICAL INVENTORY
   
   On EPA IRIS database
   
   NTP Carcinogenesis studies; on test (two year studies), October 1997

 
                            *** END OF RECORD ***