*** CHEMICAL IDENTIFICATION *** RTECS NUMBER : FM8750000 CHEMICAL NAME : Chloral hydrate CAS REGISTRY NUMBER : 302-17-0 BEILSTEIN REFERENCE NO. : 1698497 REFERENCE : 4-01-00-03143 (Beilstein Handbook Reference) LAST UPDATED : 199801 DATA ITEMS CITED : 81 MOLECULAR FORMULA : C2-H3-Cl3-O2 MOLECULAR WEIGHT : 165.40 WISWESSER LINE NOTATION : QYQXGGG COMPOUND DESCRIPTOR : Tumorigen Drug Mutagen Reproductive Effector Human SYNONYMS/TRADE NAMES : * Aquachloral * Bi 3411 * Chloraldurat * Dormal * 1,1-Ethanediol, 2,2,2-trichloro- * Felsules * Hydral * Hydrate de chloral * Kessodrate * Lorinal * Noctec * Nycoton * Nycton * Phaldrone * Rectules * SK-Chloral hydrate * Somni SED * Somnos * Sontec * Tosyl * Trawotox * Trichloracetaldehyd-hydrat * Trichloroacetaldehyde hydrate * Trichloroacetaldehyde monohydrate * 1,1,1-Trichloro-2,2-dihydroxyethane * 1,1,1-Trichloro-2,2-ethanediol * 2,2,2-Trichloro-1,1-ethanediol *** HEALTH HAZARD DATA *** ** ACUTE TOXICITY DATA ** TYPE OF TEST : TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose ROUTE OF EXPOSURE : Oral SPECIES OBSERVED : Human - man DOSE/DURATION : 1 gm/kg TOXIC EFFECTS : Behavioral - coma Cardiac - pulse rate increase, without fall in BP Lungs, Thorax, or Respiration - cyanosis REFERENCE : JTCTDW Journal of Toxicology, Clinical Toxicology. (Marcel Dekker, 270 Madison Ave., New York, NY 10016) V.19- 1982- Volume(issue)/page/year: 34,97,1996 TYPE OF TEST : TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose ROUTE OF EXPOSURE : Oral SPECIES OBSERVED : Human - child DOSE/DURATION : 219 mg/kg TOXIC EFFECTS : Cardiac - arrhythmias (including changes in conduction) REFERENCE : JTCTDW Journal of Toxicology, Clinical Toxicology. (Marcel Dekker, 270 Madison Ave., New York, NY 10016) V.19- 1982- Volume(issue)/page/year: 34,101,1996 TYPE OF TEST : TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose ROUTE OF EXPOSURE : Oral SPECIES OBSERVED : Human - woman DOSE/DURATION : 960 mg/kg TOXIC EFFECTS : Behavioral - somnolence (general depressed activity) Behavioral - hallucinations, distorted perceptions Cardiac - pulse rate increase, without fall in BP REFERENCE : JTCTDW Journal of Toxicology, Clinical Toxicology. (Marcel Dekker, 270 Madison Ave., New York, NY 10016) V.19- 1982- Volume(issue)/page/year: 34,101,1996 TYPE OF TEST : TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose ROUTE OF EXPOSURE : Oral SPECIES OBSERVED : Human - woman DOSE/DURATION : 465 mg/kg TOXIC EFFECTS : Sense Organs and Special Senses (Eye) - effect, not otherwise specified Behavioral - coma Vascular - BP lowering not characterized in autonomic section REFERENCE : AMSVAZ Acta Medica Scandinavica. (Almqvist & Wiksell, POB 45150, S-10430 Stockholm, Sweden) V.52-224, 1919-88. Volume(issue)/page/year: 223,269,1988 TYPE OF TEST : LDLo - Lowest published lethal dose ROUTE OF EXPOSURE : Oral SPECIES OBSERVED : Human DOSE/DURATION : 4 mg/kg TOXIC EFFECTS : Sense Organs and Special Senses (Eye) - miosis (pupillary constriction) Gastrointestinal - nausea or vomiting REFERENCE : PHBTH* "Pharmacology: Basis of Therapy," 3rd ed., Goodman, L.S., ed., New York, Macmillan Pub. Co., 1967 Volume(issue)/page/year: 3,132,1967 TYPE OF TEST : TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose ROUTE OF EXPOSURE : Oral SPECIES OBSERVED : Human DOSE/DURATION : 300 mg/kg TOXIC EFFECTS : Behavioral - general anesthetic Cardiac - arrhythmias (including changes in conduction) Vascular - BP lowering not characterized in autonomic section REFERENCE : BMJOAE British Medical Journal. (British Medical Assoc., BMA House, Tavistock Sq., London WC1H 9JR, UK) V.1- 1857- Volume(issue)/page/year: 2,994,1977 TYPE OF TEST : TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose ROUTE OF EXPOSURE : Intravenous SPECIES OBSERVED : Human - child DOSE/DURATION : 39 mg/kg TOXIC EFFECTS : Behavioral - somnolence (general depressed activity) Skin and Appendages - dermatitis, other (after systemic exposure) REFERENCE : JTCTDW Journal of Toxicology, Clinical Toxicology. (Marcel Dekker, 270 Madison Ave., New York, NY 10016) V.19- 1982- Volume(issue)/page/year: 34,101,1996 TYPE OF TEST : TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose ROUTE OF EXPOSURE : Intravenous SPECIES OBSERVED : Human - child DOSE/DURATION : 88 mg/kg TOXIC EFFECTS : Behavioral - somnolence (general depressed activity) Lungs, Thorax, or Respiration - cyanosis Lungs, Thorax, or Respiration - respiratory depression REFERENCE : JTCTDW Journal of Toxicology, Clinical Toxicology. (Marcel Dekker, 270 Madison Ave., New York, NY 10016) V.19- 1982- Volume(issue)/page/year: 34,101,1996 TYPE OF TEST : TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose ROUTE OF EXPOSURE : Unreported SPECIES OBSERVED : Human - child DOSE/DURATION : 48 mg/kg/6H-I TOXIC EFFECTS : Cardiac - pulse rate increase, without fall in BP REFERENCE : AACRAT Anesthesia and Analgesia (New York). (Elsevier Science Pub. Co., Inc., 52 Vanderbilt Ave., New York, NY 10017) V.36- 1957- Volume(issue)/page/year: 65,691,1986 TYPE OF TEST : LDLo - Lowest published lethal dose ROUTE OF EXPOSURE : Unreported SPECIES OBSERVED : Human - man DOSE/DURATION : 103 mg/kg TOXIC EFFECTS : Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value REFERENCE : 85DCAI "Poisoning; Toxicology, Symptoms, Treatments," 2nd ed., Arena, J.M., Springfield, IL, C.C. Thomas, 1970 Volume(issue)/page/year: 2,73,1970 TYPE OF TEST : TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose ROUTE OF EXPOSURE : Unreported SPECIES OBSERVED : Human - infant DOSE/DURATION : 160 mg/kg/3D-I TOXIC EFFECTS : Cardiac - arrhythmias (including changes in conduction) REFERENCE : AACRAT Anesthesia and Analgesia (New York). (Elsevier Science Pub. Co., Inc., 52 Vanderbilt Ave., New York, NY 10017) V.36- 1957- Volume(issue)/page/year: 65,691,1986 TYPE OF TEST : TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose ROUTE OF EXPOSURE : Rectal SPECIES OBSERVED : Human - child DOSE/DURATION : 97 mg/kg TOXIC EFFECTS : Cardiac - pulse rate increase, without fall in BP REFERENCE : AACRAT Anesthesia and Analgesia (New York). (Elsevier Science Pub. Co., Inc., 52 Vanderbilt Ave., New York, NY 10017) V.36- 1957- Volume(issue)/page/year: 65,691,1986 TYPE OF TEST : LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill ROUTE OF EXPOSURE : Oral SPECIES OBSERVED : Rodent - rat DOSE/DURATION : 479 mg/kg TOXIC EFFECTS : Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value REFERENCE : TXAPA9 Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology. (Academic Press, Inc., 1 E. First St., Duluth, MN 55802) V.1- 1959- Volume(issue)/page/year: 18,185,1971 TYPE OF TEST : LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill ROUTE OF EXPOSURE : Administration onto the skin SPECIES OBSERVED : Rodent - rat DOSE/DURATION : 3030 mg/kg TOXIC EFFECTS : Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value REFERENCE : 85JFAN "Agrochemicals Handbook," with updates, Hartley, D., and H. Kidd, eds., Nottingham, Royal Soc. of Chemistry, 1983-86 Volume(issue)/page/year: A065,1984 TYPE OF TEST : LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill ROUTE OF EXPOSURE : Intraperitoneal SPECIES OBSERVED : Rodent - rat DOSE/DURATION : 472 mg/kg TOXIC EFFECTS : Behavioral - somnolence (general depressed activity) Lungs, Thorax, or Respiration - other changes REFERENCE : JAPMA8 Journal of the American Pharmaceutical Association, Scientific Edition. (Washington, DC) V.29-49, 1940-60. For publisher information, see JPMSAE. Volume(issue)/page/year: 41,100,1952 TYPE OF TEST : LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill ROUTE OF EXPOSURE : Parenteral SPECIES OBSERVED : Rodent - rat DOSE/DURATION : 710 mg/kg TOXIC EFFECTS : Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value REFERENCE : NIIRDN Drugs in Japan (Ethical Drugs). (Yakugyo Jiho Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan) Volume(issue)/page/year: 6,784,1982 TYPE OF TEST : LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill ROUTE OF EXPOSURE : Unreported SPECIES OBSERVED : Rodent - rat DOSE/DURATION : 725 mg/kg TOXIC EFFECTS : Behavioral - somnolence (general depressed activity) Behavioral - excitement Behavioral - ataxia REFERENCE : GISAAA Gigiena i Sanitariya. For English translation, see HYSAAV. (V/O Mezhdunarodnaya Kniga, 113095 Moscow, USSR) V.1- 1936- Volume(issue)/page/year: 35(3),14,1970 TYPE OF TEST : LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill ROUTE OF EXPOSURE : Rectal SPECIES OBSERVED : Rodent - rat DOSE/DURATION : 710 mg/kg TOXIC EFFECTS : Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value REFERENCE : NIIRDN Drugs in Japan (Ethical Drugs). (Yakugyo Jiho Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan) Volume(issue)/page/year: -,1114,1990 TYPE OF TEST : LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill ROUTE OF EXPOSURE : Oral SPECIES OBSERVED : Rodent - mouse DOSE/DURATION : 1100 mg/kg TOXIC EFFECTS : Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value REFERENCE : JPETAB Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. (Williams & Wilkins Co., 428 E. Preston St., Baltimore, MD 21202) V.1- 1909/10- Volume(issue)/page/year: 106,444,1952 TYPE OF TEST : LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill ROUTE OF EXPOSURE : Intraperitoneal SPECIES OBSERVED : Rodent - mouse DOSE/DURATION : 580 mg/kg TOXIC EFFECTS : Behavioral - somnolence (general depressed activity) REFERENCE : ARZNAD Arzneimittel-Forschung. Drug Research. (Editio Cantor Verlag, Postfach 1255, W-7960 Aulendorf, Fed. Rep. Ger.) V.1- 1951- Volume(issue)/page/year: 10,665,1960 TYPE OF TEST : LDLo - Lowest published lethal dose ROUTE OF EXPOSURE : Subcutaneous SPECIES OBSERVED : Rodent - mouse DOSE/DURATION : 800 mg/kg TOXIC EFFECTS : Behavioral - general anesthetic Behavioral - excitement Lungs, Thorax, or Respiration - other changes REFERENCE : AEPPAE Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Archiv fuer Experimentelle Pathologie und Pharmakologie. (Berlin, Ger.) V.110-253, 1925-66. For publisher information, see NSAPCC. Volume(issue)/page/year: 166,437,1932 TYPE OF TEST : LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill ROUTE OF EXPOSURE : Intravenous SPECIES OBSERVED : Rodent - mouse DOSE/DURATION : 530 mg/kg TOXIC EFFECTS : Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value REFERENCE : APFRAD Annales Pharmaceutiques Francaises. (SPPIF, B.P.22, F-41353 Vineuil, France) V.1- 1943- Volume(issue)/page/year: 38,65,1980 TYPE OF TEST : LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill ROUTE OF EXPOSURE : Unreported SPECIES OBSERVED : Rodent - mouse DOSE/DURATION : 850 mg/kg TOXIC EFFECTS : Behavioral - somnolence (general depressed activity) Behavioral - excitement Behavioral - ataxia REFERENCE : GISAAA Gigiena i Sanitariya. For English translation, see HYSAAV. (V/O Mezhdunarodnaya Kniga, 113095 Moscow, USSR) V.1- 1936- Volume(issue)/page/year: 35(3),14,1970 TYPE OF TEST : LDLo - Lowest published lethal dose ROUTE OF EXPOSURE : Oral SPECIES OBSERVED : Mammal - dog DOSE/DURATION : 1 gm/kg TOXIC EFFECTS : Behavioral - sleep REFERENCE : JPETAB Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. (Williams & Wilkins Co., 428 E. Preston St., Baltimore, MD 21202) V.1- 1909/10- Volume(issue)/page/year: 78,340,1943 TYPE OF TEST : LDLo - Lowest published lethal dose ROUTE OF EXPOSURE : Intravenous SPECIES OBSERVED : Mammal - dog DOSE/DURATION : 180 mg/kg TOXIC EFFECTS : Behavioral - general anesthetic REFERENCE : BDHU** "Nachprufung der Toxicitat von Novocain und Tutocain bei Chloralisierten Tieren, Dissertation," Barke, A., Pharmakologischen Institut der Tierarztlichen Hochschule zu Hannover, Fed. Rep. Ger., 1936 Volume(issue)/page/year: -,-,1936 TYPE OF TEST : LDLo - Lowest published lethal dose ROUTE OF EXPOSURE : Oral SPECIES OBSERVED : Mammal - cat DOSE/DURATION : 400 mg/kg TOXIC EFFECTS : Behavioral - sleep REFERENCE : JPETAB Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. (Williams & Wilkins Co., 428 E. Preston St., Baltimore, MD 21202) V.1- 1909/10- Volume(issue)/page/year: 78,340,1943 TYPE OF TEST : LDLo - Lowest published lethal dose ROUTE OF EXPOSURE : Oral SPECIES OBSERVED : Rodent - rabbit DOSE/DURATION : 1200 mg/kg TOXIC EFFECTS : Behavioral - general anesthetic REFERENCE : AEPPAE Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Archiv fuer Experimentelle Pathologie und Pharmakologie. (Berlin, Ger.) V.110-253, 1925-66. For publisher information, see NSAPCC. Volume(issue)/page/year: 132,214,1928 TYPE OF TEST : LDLo - Lowest published lethal dose ROUTE OF EXPOSURE : Subcutaneous SPECIES OBSERVED : Rodent - rabbit DOSE/DURATION : 1 gm/kg TOXIC EFFECTS : Behavioral - general anesthetic Lungs, Thorax, or Respiration - other changes REFERENCE : ZEPTAT Zeitschrift fuer Experimentelle Pathologie und Therapie. (Berlin, Ger.) V.1-22, 1905-21. For publisher information, see REXMAS. Volume(issue)/page/year: 18,61,1916 TYPE OF TEST : LDLo - Lowest published lethal dose ROUTE OF EXPOSURE : Intravenous SPECIES OBSERVED : Rodent - rabbit DOSE/DURATION : 400 mg/kg TOXIC EFFECTS : Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value REFERENCE : JPETAB Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. (Williams & Wilkins Co., 428 E. Preston St., Baltimore, MD 21202) V.1- 1909/10- Volume(issue)/page/year: 63,453,1938 TYPE OF TEST : LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill ROUTE OF EXPOSURE : Unreported SPECIES OBSERVED : Rodent - rabbit DOSE/DURATION : 1400 mg/kg TOXIC EFFECTS : Behavioral - somnolence (general depressed activity) Behavioral - excitement Behavioral - ataxia REFERENCE : GISAAA Gigiena i Sanitariya. For English translation, see HYSAAV. (V/O Mezhdunarodnaya Kniga, 113095 Moscow, USSR) V.1- 1936- Volume(issue)/page/year: 35(3),14,1970 TYPE OF TEST : LDLo - Lowest published lethal dose ROUTE OF EXPOSURE : Rectal SPECIES OBSERVED : Rodent - rabbit DOSE/DURATION : 1 gm/kg TOXIC EFFECTS : Behavioral - general anesthetic Lungs, Thorax, or Respiration - other changes REFERENCE : AEPPAE Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Archiv fuer Experimentelle Pathologie und Pharmakologie. (Berlin, Ger.) V.110-253, 1925-66. For publisher information, see NSAPCC. Volume(issue)/page/year: 132,214,1928 TYPE OF TEST : LDLo - Lowest published lethal dose ROUTE OF EXPOSURE : Intravenous SPECIES OBSERVED : Rodent - guinea pig DOSE/DURATION : 400 mg/kg TOXIC EFFECTS : Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value REFERENCE : AEPPAE Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Archiv fuer Experimentelle Pathologie und Pharmakologie. (Berlin, Ger.) V.110-253, 1925-66. For publisher information, see NSAPCC. Volume(issue)/page/year: 131,171,1928 TYPE OF TEST : LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill ROUTE OF EXPOSURE : Unreported SPECIES OBSERVED : Rodent - guinea pig DOSE/DURATION : 940 mg/kg TOXIC EFFECTS : Behavioral - somnolence (general depressed activity) Behavioral - excitement Behavioral - ataxia REFERENCE : GISAAA Gigiena i Sanitariya. For English translation, see HYSAAV. (V/O Mezhdunarodnaya Kniga, 113095 Moscow, USSR) V.1- 1936- Volume(issue)/page/year: 35(3),14,1970 TYPE OF TEST : LDLo - Lowest published lethal dose ROUTE OF EXPOSURE : Intraarterial SPECIES OBSERVED : Rodent - guinea pig DOSE/DURATION : 400 mg/kg TOXIC EFFECTS : Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value REFERENCE : AEPPAE Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Archiv fuer Experimentelle Pathologie und Pharmakologie. (Berlin, Ger.) V.110-253, 1925-66. For publisher information, see NSAPCC. Volume(issue)/page/year: 131,171,1928 TYPE OF TEST : LDLo - Lowest published lethal dose ROUTE OF EXPOSURE : Oral SPECIES OBSERVED : Bird - pigeon DOSE/DURATION : 300 mg/kg TOXIC EFFECTS : Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value REFERENCE : HBAMAK "Abdernalden's Handbuch der Biologischen Arbeitsmethoden." (Leipzig, Ger. Dem. Rep.) Volume(issue)/page/year: 4,1289,1935 TYPE OF TEST : LDLo - Lowest published lethal dose ROUTE OF EXPOSURE : Oral SPECIES OBSERVED : Amphibian - frog DOSE/DURATION : 938 mg/kg TOXIC EFFECTS : Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value REFERENCE : AIPTAK Archives Internationales de Pharmacodynamie et de Therapie. (Heymans Institute of Pharmacology, De Pintelaan 185, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium) V.4- 1898- Volume(issue)/page/year: 8,77,1901 TYPE OF TEST : LDLo - Lowest published lethal dose ROUTE OF EXPOSURE : Parenteral SPECIES OBSERVED : Amphibian - frog DOSE/DURATION : 900 mg/kg TOXIC EFFECTS : Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value REFERENCE : AEPPAE Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Archiv fuer Experimentelle Pathologie und Pharmakologie. (Berlin, Ger.) V.110-253, 1925-66. For publisher information, see NSAPCC. Volume(issue)/page/year: 166,437,1932 TYPE OF TEST : LDLo - Lowest published lethal dose ROUTE OF EXPOSURE : Oral SPECIES OBSERVED : Mammal - cattle DOSE/DURATION : 30 mg/kg TOXIC EFFECTS : Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value REFERENCE : HBAMAK "Abdernalden's Handbuch der Biologischen Arbeitsmethoden." (Leipzig, Ger. Dem. Rep.) Volume(issue)/page/year: 4,1289,1935 TYPE OF TEST : LDLo - Lowest published lethal dose ROUTE OF EXPOSURE : Intravenous SPECIES OBSERVED : Mammal - cattle DOSE/DURATION : 10 mg/kg TOXIC EFFECTS : Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value REFERENCE : HBAMAK "Abdernalden's Handbuch der Biologischen Arbeitsmethoden." (Leipzig, Ger. Dem. Rep.) Volume(issue)/page/year: 4,1289,1935 TYPE OF TEST : LDLo - Lowest published lethal dose ROUTE OF EXPOSURE : Rectal SPECIES OBSERVED : Mammal - cattle DOSE/DURATION : 30 mg/kg TOXIC EFFECTS : Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value REFERENCE : HBAMAK "Abdernalden's Handbuch der Biologischen Arbeitsmethoden." (Leipzig, Ger. Dem. Rep.) Volume(issue)/page/year: 4,1289,1935 ** OTHER MULTIPLE DOSE TOXICITY DATA ** TYPE OF TEST : TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose ROUTE OF EXPOSURE : Oral SPECIES OBSERVED : Rodent - rat DOSE/DURATION : 15120 mg/kg/90D-C TOXIC EFFECTS : Liver - hepatitis (hepatocellular necrosis), zonal Blood - changes in serum composition (e.g. TP, bilirubin, cholesterol) Biochemical - Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels - transaminases REFERENCE : DCTODJ Drug and Chemical Toxicology. (Marcel Dekker, 270 Madison Ave., New York, NY 10016) V.1- 1977/78- Volume(issue)/page/year: 15,217,1992 TYPE OF TEST : TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose ROUTE OF EXPOSURE : Oral SPECIES OBSERVED : Rodent - rat DOSE/DURATION : 210 mg/kg/30W-I TOXIC EFFECTS : Blood - other changes Biochemical - Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels - true cholinesterase REFERENCE : GISAAA Gigiena i Sanitariya. For English translation, see HYSAAV. (V/O Mezhdunarodnaya Kniga, 113095 Moscow, USSR) V.1- 1936- Volume(issue)/page/year: 35(3),14,1970 TYPE OF TEST : TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose ROUTE OF EXPOSURE : Oral SPECIES OBSERVED : Rodent - rat DOSE/DURATION : 1413 mg/kg/90D-C TOXIC EFFECTS : Nutritional and Gross Metabolic - body temperature decrease REFERENCE : NTOTDY Neurobehavioral Toxicology and Teratology. (Fayetteville, NY) V.3-8, 1981-86. For publisher information, see NETEEC. Volume(issue)/page/year: 6,137,1984 TYPE OF TEST : TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose ROUTE OF EXPOSURE : Oral SPECIES OBSERVED : Rodent - mouse DOSE/DURATION : 2016 mg/kg/14D-I TOXIC EFFECTS : Liver - changes in liver weight Endocrine - changes in spleen weight Blood - changes in serum composition (e.g. TP, bilirubin, cholesterol) REFERENCE : EVHPAZ EHP, Environmental Health Perspectives. (U.S. Government Printing Office, Supt of Documents, Washington, DC 20402) No.1- 1972- Volume(issue)/page/year: 44,137,1982 TYPE OF TEST : TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose ROUTE OF EXPOSURE : Oral SPECIES OBSERVED : Rodent - mouse DOSE/DURATION : 1440 mg/kg/90D-C TOXIC EFFECTS : Liver - changes in liver weight Nutritional and Gross Metabolic - other changes Biochemical - Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels - hepatic microsomal mixed oxidase (dealkylation, hydroxylation, etc.) REFERENCE : EVHPAZ EHP, Environmental Health Perspectives. (U.S. Government Printing Office, Supt of Documents, Washington, DC 20402) No.1- 1972- Volume(issue)/page/year: 44,137,1982 ** TUMORIGENIC DATA ** TYPE OF TEST : TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose ROUTE OF EXPOSURE : Oral SPECIES OBSERVED : Rodent - mouse DOSE/DURATION : 10 mg/kg TOXIC EFFECTS : Tumorigenic - Carcinogenic by RTECS criteria Liver - tumors REFERENCE : CDPRD4 Cancer Detection and Prevention. (Alan R. Liss, Inc., 41 E. 11th St., New York, NY 10003) V.1- 1976- Volume(issue)/page/year: 9,279,1986 TYPE OF TEST : TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose ROUTE OF EXPOSURE : Administration onto the skin SPECIES OBSERVED : Rodent - mouse DOSE/DURATION : 960 mg/kg/1W-I TOXIC EFFECTS : Tumorigenic - equivocal tumorigenic agent by RTECS criteria Skin and Appendages - tumors REFERENCE : BJCAAI British Journal of Cancer. (Macmillan Press Ltd., Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hants. RG21 2XS, UK) V.1- 1947- Volume(issue)/page/year: 9,177,1955 ** REPRODUCTIVE DATA ** TYPE OF TEST : TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose ROUTE OF EXPOSURE : Oral SPECIES OBSERVED : Rodent - mouse DOSE : 13 gm/kg SEX/DURATION : female 3 week(s) pre-mating - 3 week(s) post-birth TOXIC EFFECTS : Reproductive - Effects on Newborn - behavioral REFERENCE : NTOTDY Neurobehavioral Toxicology and Teratology. (Fayetteville, NY) V.3-8, 1981-86. For publisher information, see NETEEC. Volume(issue)/page/year: 6,137,1984 ** MUTATION DATA ** TYPE OF TEST : Mutation in microorganisms TEST SYSTEM : Bacteria - Salmonella typhimurium DOSE/DURATION : 1 mg/plate REFERENCE : ENMUDM Environmental Mutagenesis. (New York, NY) V.1-9, 1979-87. For publisher information, see EMMUEG. Volume(issue)/page/year: 5(Suppl 1),3,1983 TYPE OF TEST : Mutation in microorganisms TEST SYSTEM : Microorganism - not otherwise specified DOSE/DURATION : 2 mg/plate REFERENCE : CBINA8 Chemico-Biological Interactions. (Elsevier Scientific Pub. Ireland Ltd., POB 85, Limerick, Ireland) V.1- 1969- Volume(issue)/page/year: 30,9,1980 TYPE OF TEST : Specific locus test ROUTE OF EXPOSURE : Oral TEST SYSTEM : Insect - Drosophila melanogaster DOSE/DURATION : 5 mmol/L REFERENCE : MUREAV Mutation Research. (Elsevier Science Pub. B.V., POB 211, 1000 AE Amsterdam, Netherlands) V.1- 1964- Volume(issue)/page/year: 322,111,1994 TYPE OF TEST : Gene conversion and mitotic recombination TEST SYSTEM : Yeast - Saccharomyces cerevisiae DOSE/DURATION : 15 mmol/L REFERENCE : MUREAV Mutation Research. (Elsevier Science Pub. B.V., POB 211, 1000 AE Amsterdam, Netherlands) V.1- 1964- Volume(issue)/page/year: 141,19,1984 TYPE OF TEST : Mutation in microorganisms TEST SYSTEM : Mold - Aspergillus nidulans DOSE/DURATION : 5 mg/plate REFERENCE : CBINA8 Chemico-Biological Interactions. (Elsevier Scientific Pub. Ireland Ltd., POB 85, Limerick, Ireland) V.1- 1969- Volume(issue)/page/year: 30,9,1980 TYPE OF TEST : Sex chromosome loss and nondisjunction TEST SYSTEM : Mold - Aspergillus nidulans DOSE/DURATION : 5 mmol/L REFERENCE : MUREAV Mutation Research. (Elsevier Science Pub. B.V., POB 211, 1000 AE Amsterdam, Netherlands) V.1- 1964- Volume(issue)/page/year: 155,105,1985 TYPE OF TEST : Micronucleus test ROUTE OF EXPOSURE : Multiple routes TEST SYSTEM : Non-mammalian species DOSE/DURATION : 200 ppm REFERENCE : MUREAV Mutation Research. (Elsevier Science Pub. B.V., POB 211, 1000 AE Amsterdam, Netherlands) V.1- 1964- Volume(issue)/page/year: 292,83,1993 TYPE OF TEST : Mutation test systems - not otherwise specified TEST SYSTEM : Non-mammalian species Cells - not otherwise specified DOSE/DURATION : 100 mmol/L REFERENCE : CHROAU Chromosoma. (Springer-Verlag New York, Inc., Service Center, 44 Hartz Way, Secaucus, NJ 07094) V.1- 1939- Volume(issue)/page/year: 45,215,1974 TYPE OF TEST : Cytogenetic analysis TEST SYSTEM : Non-mammalian species Cells - not otherwise specified DOSE/DURATION : 100 mmol/L REFERENCE : CHROAU Chromosoma. (Springer-Verlag New York, Inc., Service Center, 44 Hartz Way, Secaucus, NJ 07094) V.1- 1939- Volume(issue)/page/year: 45,215,1974 TYPE OF TEST : Micronucleus test TEST SYSTEM : Human Lymphocyte DOSE/DURATION : 500 umol/L REFERENCE : CRNGDP Carcinogenesis (London). (Oxford Univ. Press, Pinkhill House, Southfield Road, Eynsham, Oxford OX8 1JJ, UK) V.1- 1980- Volume(issue)/page/year: 18,1687,1997 TYPE OF TEST : Mutation test systems - not otherwise specified TEST SYSTEM : Human Lymphocyte DOSE/DURATION : 100 mg/L REFERENCE : MUREAV Mutation Research. (Elsevier Science Pub. B.V., POB 211, 1000 AE Amsterdam, Netherlands) V.1- 1964- Volume(issue)/page/year: 334,1,1995 TYPE OF TEST : Sister chromatid exchange TEST SYSTEM : Human Lymphocyte DOSE/DURATION : 54 mg/L REFERENCE : AGTQAH Annales de Genetique. (Expansion Scientifique Francaise, 15 rue Saint-Benoit, F-75278, Paris Cedex 06, France) V.1- 1958- Volume(issue)/page/year: 24,105,1981 TYPE OF TEST : Sex chromosome loss and nondisjunction TEST SYSTEM : Human Lymphocyte DOSE/DURATION : 50 mg/L REFERENCE : MUREAV Mutation Research. (Elsevier Science Pub. B.V., POB 211, 1000 AE Amsterdam, Netherlands) V.1- 1964- Volume(issue)/page/year: 287,57,1993 TYPE OF TEST : Micronucleus test ROUTE OF EXPOSURE : Intraperitoneal TEST SYSTEM : Rodent - mouse DOSE/DURATION : 41 mg/kg REFERENCE : MUREAV Mutation Research. (Elsevier Science Pub. B.V., POB 211, 1000 AE Amsterdam, Netherlands) V.1- 1964- Volume(issue)/page/year: 323,81,1994 TYPE OF TEST : Sex chromosome loss and nondisjunction ROUTE OF EXPOSURE : Intraperitoneal TEST SYSTEM : Rodent - mouse DOSE/DURATION : 82700 ug/kg REFERENCE : ENMUDM Environmental Mutagenesis. (New York, NY) V.1-9, 1979-87. For publisher information, see EMMUEG. Volume(issue)/page/year: 6,695,1984 TYPE OF TEST : Host-mediated assay TEST SYSTEM : Rodent - mouse Yeast - Saccharomyces cerevisiae DOSE/DURATION : 500 mg/kg REFERENCE : MUREAV Mutation Research. (Elsevier Science Pub. B.V., POB 211, 1000 AE Amsterdam, Netherlands) V.1- 1964- Volume(issue)/page/year: 141,19,1984 TYPE OF TEST : Micronucleus test TEST SYSTEM : Rodent - hamster Lung DOSE/DURATION : 80 mg/L REFERENCE : MUREAV Mutation Research. (Elsevier Science Pub. B.V., POB 211, 1000 AE Amsterdam, Netherlands) V.1- 1964- Volume(issue)/page/year: 287,71,1993 TYPE OF TEST : Morphological transformation TEST SYSTEM : Rodent - hamster Embryo DOSE/DURATION : 1 mg/L REFERENCE : MUREAV Mutation Research. (Elsevier Science Pub. B.V., POB 211, 1000 AE Amsterdam, Netherlands) V.1- 1964- Volume(issue)/page/year: 343,7,1995 TYPE OF TEST : Mutation test systems - not otherwise specified TEST SYSTEM : Rodent - hamster Embryo DOSE/DURATION : 165 mg/L REFERENCE : MUREAV Mutation Research. (Elsevier Science Pub. B.V., POB 211, 1000 AE Amsterdam, Netherlands) V.1- 1964- Volume(issue)/page/year: 287,47,1993 TYPE OF TEST : Sex chromosome loss and nondisjunction TEST SYSTEM : Rodent - hamster Embryo DOSE/DURATION : 100 mg/L REFERENCE : MUREAV Mutation Research. (Elsevier Science Pub. B.V., POB 211, 1000 AE Amsterdam, Netherlands) V.1- 1964- Volume(issue)/page/year: 287,47,1993 TYPE OF TEST : Sex chromosome loss and nondisjunction TEST SYSTEM : Rodent - hamster Lung DOSE/DURATION : 500 mg/L REFERENCE : MUREAV Mutation Research. (Elsevier Science Pub. B.V., POB 211, 1000 AE Amsterdam, Netherlands) V.1- 1964- Volume(issue)/page/year: 287,29,1993 *** REVIEWS *** IARC Cancer Review:Animal Limited Evidence IMEMDT IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man. (WHO Publications Centre USA, 49 Sheridan Ave., Albany, NY 12210) V.1- 1972- Volume(issue)/page/year: 63,245,1995 IARC Cancer Review:Human Inadequate Evidence IMEMDT IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man. (WHO Publications Centre USA, 49 Sheridan Ave., Albany, NY 12210) V.1- 1972- Volume(issue)/page/year: 63,245,1995 IARC Cancer Review:Group 3 IMEMDT IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man. (WHO Publications Centre USA, 49 Sheridan Ave., Albany, NY 12210) V.1- 1972- Volume(issue)/page/year: 63,245,1995 *** NIOSH STANDARDS DEVELOPMENT AND SURVEILLANCE DATA *** NIOSH OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE SURVEY DATA : NOHS - National Occupational Hazard Survey (1974) NOHS Hazard Code - 84490 No. of Facilities: 1191 (estimated) No. of Industries: 3 No. of Occupations: 10 No. of Employees: 10916 (estimated) NOES - National Occupational Exposure Survey (1983) NOES Hazard Code - 84490 No. of Facilities: 264 (estimated) No. of Industries: 4 No. of Occupations: 11 No. of Employees: 11278 (estimated) No. of Female Employees: 8131 (estimated) *** STATUS IN U.S. *** EPA GENETOX PROGRAM 1988, Positive: Aspergillus-aneuploidy; Histidine reversion-Ames test EPA GENETOX PROGRAM 1988, Negative: Aspergillus-recombination; N crassa-aneuploidy EPA GENETOX PROGRAM 1988, Negative: Sperm morphology-mouse EPA GENETOX PROGRAM 1988, Inconclusive: Carcinogenicity-mouse/rat; Mammalian micronucleus EPA TSCA Section 8(b) CHEMICAL INVENTORY On EPA IRIS database NTP Carcinogenesis studies; on test (two year studies), October 1997 *** END OF RECORD ***