Haworth Phenanthrene Synthesis

R. D. Haworth, J. Chem. Soc. 1932, 1125, 2717, idem et al., ibid. 1784, 2248, 2720; 1934, 454.

Preparation of phenanthrenes from naphthalenes via a series of steps including a Friedel-Crafts acylation and two Clemmensen or Wolff-Kishner reductions, q.q.v.:

E. Berliner, Org. React. 5, 229 (1949); I. Agranat, Y. S. Shih, Synthesis 1974, 865; R. Menicagli, O. Piccolo, J. Org. Chem. 45, 2581 (1980). Cf. Friedel-Crafts Reaction.