Clemmensen Reduction

E. Clemmensen, Ber. 46, 1837 (1913); 47, 51, 681 (1914).

Reduction of carbonyl groups of aldehydes and ketones to methylene groups with zinc amalgam and hydrochloric acid:

E. L. Martin, Org. React. 1, 155 (1942); M. Smith in Reduction, R. L. Augustine, Ed. (M. Dekker, New York, 1968) pp 95-170; W. Reusch, ibid. pp 186-194; J. G. St. C. Buchanan, P. D. Woodgate, Quart. Rev. 23, 522 (1969); D. Straschewski, Angew. Chem. 71, 726 (1959); E. Vedejs, Org. React. 22, 401 (1975); S. Yamamura, S. Nishiyama, Comp. Org. Syn. 8, 309-313 (1991). Cf. Haworth Phenanthrene Synthesis; Wolff-Kishner Reduction.